The Merging of Cultures During the New World Discovery Essay

The Merging of Cultures During the New World Discovery The voyages of the Iberians marked history. The discovery of the new world meant the unification of two old worlds. These old worlds had different beliefs, attitudes, language, and values. The culture of these two worlds would never be the same. The native peoples of America at the end of the fifteenth century ranged from the simplest hunting-fishing-gathering societies to highly developed civilizations with urban and peasant components. In spite of these notable differences, they were alike in that they had all developed from the level of pre-bow-arrow hunters without significant contact with other regions. There high civilizations were based on agricultural and trading†¦show more content†¦These people grew corn, yams, and other roots for food; they knew how to make cassava bread, to spin and weave cotton, and make pottery. Columbus wrote, They invite you to share anything that they posess, and show as much love as their hearts were in it. The impression to the European scholars was that the ignorance to money and iron, and their nudity was due to the fact that these people were holdovers from the golden age. The Indians were organized into class societies (with few possible exceptions among the more rudimentary societies) and the poor were ground under the heel of the rich. This system was sanctioned by the Indian laws and customs, and based on the inequalities of land ownership. The poor lived in miserable huts, did all the labor, and enjoyed none of the amenities of life, except indulgence in the forms of escape from misery and relief from oppression that characterized many other peoples in Europe and Asia. The peoples inhabiting America in 1492 were divided into many hundreds of language groups. The following main groups may be distinguished: 1.The Nahua-speaking peoples from Central Mexico to Nicaragua. 2.The Maya: Yucatan and Guatemala. 3.The Chibchas: Central America, western Columbia, and northwestern Ecuador. 4.The Quechuas: the Andean mountains from southern Ecuador to northern Chile. 5.The Aymaras: Highlands of Bolivia. 6.TheShow MoreRelatedThe Rise of Europe853 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rise of Europe Contemporary world power, and the shift from the East to the West during what historian’s term, Medieval/Renaissance Europe, shifted the roles of two vastly different empires – the Ming and Ottoman. Even though we barely even touched on the Ming Empire, I feel like the significance of it, is far too grand to leave out in describing the rise of Europe. Both empires had different types of leadership and core goals – military and social. The Ming Empire was led by brilliant philosophicalRead MoreThe Transition Of Medieval And Modern Times1235 Words   |  5 Pagesbegan, and art emerged to create a brighter society. During the Reformation, the country shifted away from the Roman Catholic Church, and many Protestant religions emerged. The Scientific Revolution also marked a change in medical to modern by creating new ways to look at the world and mathematics. The Age of Discovery marked yet another change in Medical to modern Europe when new technologies emerged in order to navigate around the world. Along with many other rulers, King Louis XIV changed FranceRead MoreThe First Glimpse Of Globalization1573 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization is the process in which a world-wide circulation of goods, ideas, and people takes place. Historically, there were two periods of profound expansion, the 15th and 16th century and 20th and 21st century. 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While there are many things individuals and communities can gain from the influence of globalisationRead MoreThe Impact of Culture on Politics1522 Words   |  7 PagesOld Dominion University | The Impact of Culture on Virginia Politics | POLS 311 | Geraldine Pearman 9-19-2015 | Geraldine Pearman Virginia History and Politics Dr. Pelletier Fall 2015 The Impact of Culture on Virginia Politics A culture can be defined as a way of life of a group of people- their behaviors, beliefs, values that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. It also includes the customs, arts, literature, morals/values and traditionsRead MoreCase Analysis of Lenovo MA IBM PC department3533 Words   |  15 Pages Investment Alternatives and Analysis for Fair Value Case Analysis of Lenovo Merging and Acquiring IBM PC Department Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1~4 Body 1. The critical successful factors that are the focus of the successful MA activities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4~6 2. The summary of lessons learned which made the factors successful†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6~8 3. 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A purchase deal will be called a mergerRead More Transculturation in Our Sister Killyjoy and Nervous Conditions2614 Words   |  11 Pageshybridity and transculturation. The latter, ‘transculturation’ is the term used to define ‘cultural change induced by introduction of elements of a foreign culture.’[1] The term ‘transculturation’ was first coined by Cuban anthropologist and sociologist Fernando Ortiz in 1947 to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures. Transculturation covers war, ethnic conflict, racism and multiculturalism, hence it is a concept very relevant to the postcolonial period and subsequently

Program Planning and Evaluation Paper - 815 Words

Program Planning and Evaluation Paper Nicole Debski HSM/270 PROGRAM PLANNING amp; GRANT PROPOSAL WRITNG IN HUM SERV (AXIA) Janice Gilstorff, MPA Faculty University of Phoenix 8/1/2010 Program Planning and Evaluation Paper The first questions ask how program planning and program evaluation describe how the two components relate. In my opinion they relate because once you have a plan in order you have to evaluate it to see if the plan is working. You also need to know what area need to be work on and what the cause of the problem and how to resolve them. The second question Identify specific examples of how program planning and evaluation interrelate in your chosen scenario in Appendix B. in my opinion program planning and†¦show more content†¦Issue that in my opinion would affect the evaluation of a domestic violence program would be lack of information on the victim and abuser. Another affect on evaluation would be is there a data base on domestic violence crime. Is the data assessable, is there a statistic rate what is the ratio of women, men, and children been victim of domestic violence. Other issue that could affect the planning of domestic violence is the long term affect of being a victim of domestic violence. According to (N.D), [The long term effects of domestic violence have not begun to be fully documented. Battered women suffer physical and mental problems as a result of domestic violence. Battering is the single major cause of injury to women, more significant that auto accidents, rapes, or muggings. In fact, t he emotional and psychological abuse inflicted by batterers may be more costly to treat in the short-run than physical injury. Many of the physical injuries sustained by women seem to cause medical difficulties as women grow older. Arthritis, hypertension and heart disease have been identified by battered women as directly caused or aggravated by domestic violence suffered early in their adult lives. Battered women lose their jobs because of absenteeism due to illness as a result of the violence. Absences occasioned by court appearances also jeopardize womens livelihood. Battered women may have to move many times to avoid violence. Moving is costly and can interfere with continuityShow MoreRelatedProgram Planning and Evaluation Paper840 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment: Program Planning and Evaluation Paper Janice Minnis HSM/270: Programming Planning and Grant Proposal Writing in Human Services August 21, 2011 Terri Galindo Axia College of University of Phoenix I have chosen to work with Program Scenario Three, PEACE Domestic Violence Agency. Yuen/Terao (2003) states, â€Å"Program planning is an organized process through which a set of coordinated activities or interventions is developed to address and facilitate change in some or all of theRead MoreProgram Planning and Evaluation Paper Hsm/270747 Words   |  3 PagesProgram Planning and Evaluation Paper HSM/270 June 17th, 2012 Bonita Comer Program Planning and Evaluation Paper Program planning is a process to achieve a particular goal and/or mission. Program planning is an organized process through which a set of coordinated activities or interventions is developed to address and facilitate change in some or all of the identified problems. 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To begin with, this paper will provide a comprehensive program evaluation model for the program. Secondly, it will outline the evaluation framework the program will use to evaluate the program. Next, the paper will provide a timeline detailing when critical evolution task for the program willRead MoreFinal Program Summary Hsm 2701701 Words   |  7 PagesProject Program Summary Jeerna Meador HSM/270 Program Planning and Grant Proposal Writing in Hum Serv (Axia) Instructor: Richard Perrone Week Nine The overall purpose of this paper is to compare program planning in a human service organization by describing how they are related.    There will be examples of how program planning and evaluation interrelate with the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency. We will also look at the technical and political aspects of program planning and evaluation that mightRead MoreThe Role Of Professional Training On The Community It Serves, It s Resources, And Activities1547 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The process of evaluating a program can be an arduous task requiring systematic and dedicated planning. It is describe as, the aspect of professional training aimed at helping to integrate research and best practices (Royce et al., 2015). The purpose of an evaluation is to assess a program’s value to the community it serves, it’s resources, and activities that enrich the learning of its members (Mondisa McComb, 2015). Proponents of STEM on the national and local levels have investedRead MoreAn Interview Via Email With An Adult Program Programmer1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe intent of this paper is to provide the details of an interview via email with an adult program programmer. The person selected was Ms. Desiree W. Dixon. 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Educate the paddy farmers about causes and effects of chronic kidney disease, how to prevent and overcome the disease, usage of agrochemicalsRead MoreAlaska Team Support964 Words   |  4 Pagesinvolvement were in the Junior Achievement program, the Air Force Airman Financial Literacy program and in support of the Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson Wounded Warrior rodeo. In addition to this, I also participated in the local Fun Times activities with the rest of the Booz Allen team in Alaska. I volunteered as a mentor and presenter to a local high school with Junior Achievement. I combined my academic, military and business background in a program for high school to motivate and encourage excellenceRead MoreEssay on Hsm/270 Week 6 Checkpoint1205 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the programs it will offer they have to start thinking about the processes and outcomes they want to use and achieve through their program. They need to find the best ways to run their program that follows their mission and produces outcomes that help support that same mission. Process and outcome evaluations in a human service setting help the organization to better understand the outcomes of their programs and the processes in which the outcomes came. (Yuen, Terao, 2003) This paper will walk

Authentication Is A Vital Aspect Of Modernâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Authentication Is A Vital Aspect Of Modern? Answer: Introducation Authentication is a vital aspect of the modern technological landscape as most of the digital platforms are facilitated by personalised accounts and portals. This outcome forces users to use multiple authentication systems that are supported by many passwords which make their management a difficult undertaking. As a solution, OneLogin offers a one stop shop for managing logins into applications (Apps) and online sites. Now, even before mentioning the attack at hand, as a cyber-security expert one can foresee the problems with this systems if compromised, as it gives intruders the access needed to compromise multiple user systems (OneLogin customer)(Coldewey, 2017). In all, the company suffered a breach in its security systems earlier in the year where customers data was exposed. Furthermore, the intruders proceeded to compromise the operational structure of the companys system which affected the ability to decrypt data. To understand, how the operation structure of the system was affected, one needs to understand the foundation of the service offered. OneLogin uses a cloud infrastructure to store and manage its customers vital information such as usernames and passwords. This infrastructure is necessary owing to the extent of the services offered as they span over 44 countries and have over 2000 companies. Therefore, the cloud solutions increase the availability and mobility of resources. However, to ferry the said resources over the internet they are encrypted to unreadable formats which when supplied to customers is decrypted revealing the access details. Therefore, when the decryption facility was affected, this functionality was compromised plus the data exposed(Fiveash, 2017). How and why the attacked occurred In its official statement, OneLogin failed to outline the nature of the attack, only assuring the customers that investigations to the problem would be conducted. However, the worrying outcome of the attack was the steps outlined by the company, as they tried to secure the accounts used by their customers. The steps included the generation of new API (Application Program Interface) keys and OAuth tokens (the general system for accessing the accounts). Moreover, the organization also requested the customers to create new security certificates and recycle all security features within the OneLogin accounts. Finally, the customers were then asked to update their access passwords(OneLogin). A quick glance at these security precautions outlines the how and maybe the why the attack happened. For one, the hosting system used by the company must have been completely compromised to gain primary access or admin credentials which necessitated a complete change in functionalities. How? An independent observer highlighted that the intruders accessed the companys system by gaining access to a number of AWS keys, the cloud infrastructure used by OneLogin. Amazon Web Service (AWS) is a cloud solution that is used by multiple companies across the globe to host their services, and OneLogin equivalently hosted its services across its multiple platforms. Now, having acquired the access passwords/keys, the intruder then used them to access the overall AWS APIs through a subsidiary hosting service offered by an intermediary organization within the United States. The criminal then further created several infrastructure instances within the AWS to perform a general reconnaissance. It is through this assessment that the intruder viewed and accessed the database tables holding the customers access data i.e. the username and passwords(OneLogin). Why? The intruders were only able to access the company AWS infrastructure using a set of legitimate keys used by the organization which means there was an initial breach that was used to acquire the companys access passwords. However, since the organization failed to disclose the methods used to access them, speculations were used to answer the questions. For one, cloud infrastructures and solutions are known to have many security procedures that regularly exposes them to misconfiguration instances. Therefore, OneLogin could have failed to implement certain security procedures to safeguard the root access to the AWS servers which ultimately gave the intruders primary access. The second option is that of negligence where the systems admins exposed the set of keys used to a third party member who subsequently used them to trigger the attack(Barrett, 2017). Possible solutions Single sign-on (SSO) organizations are generally discouraged as they are a single point of failure if compromised. In essence, these systems like any other cyber feature will have multiple vulnerabilities and unlike other systems will have multiple assets that heavily exposes the users. Therefore as an isolation tactic, they are never used as they grant intruders an all access point to any assets owned by a user. So, the first and most important solution to the problem at hand is to avoid the service in general, other than for supplementary features that have minimal confidential information(Kerbs, 2017). Nevertheless, when used, several solutions exist more so to the supporting organization i.e. OneLogin. The company should reassess their security policy as it gave access to a third party member. In the future, the AWS infrastructure should have multiple check points before being deployed online. These points or access procedures would verify the applications used before they are deployed. Furthermore, the same system would help account for access, a functionality that helped contain the problem in this instance. Therefore, the existing intrusion detection systems should continue to be used as it helped manage the situation and even avoided any financial damage. On behalf of the users, they should regularly update their access procedures as outlined by the host company. Furthermore, they should never store their passwords using the automatic features available in web browsers(10 basic cybersecurity measures: best prcatices to reduce exploitable weaknesses and attacks, 2017). May ransomware attack One of the most troubling and extensive attacks occurred earlier in the year where millions of cyber systems users were attacked by a vicious malware program known as WannaCry. As a malware program, WannaCry is the complete definition of a ransomware as it was able to penetrate many systems throughout different networks demanding ransoms in exchange for restoring services. Furthermore, the malware was a complete revolution of the existing programs that had been neutralised using several vulnerabilities that they held. In comparison, WannaCry was quick and invisible to security protocols which made it difficult to contain it, in fact, it was only detected after the damage was done(Greenberg, 2017). The root or problem WannaCry started its attacks in May, where it affected thousands of computers worldwide using the internet connection. According to Kerbs (2017), the attack was witnessed in over 100 countries after its access methods were unveiled in the United States. Now, the access method was done using a vulnerability in Windows computer system, an outcome that was instigated by a rogue hack group called Shadow Brokers that gained access to NSA hack tools. Therefore, using the hack tools the intruders infected multiple cyber systems in an attempt to gain some financial returns(Gibbs, 2017). Who was affected and how According to Greenberg (2017), the heaviest attack was witnessed across 150 countries where approximately 200,000 systems were compromised. These systems failed to work for hours and some of them lost their content permanently as they were reconfigured to stop the spread of the malware. Nevertheless, some countries were more affected as compared to others, the likes of United Kingdom (UK), Russia, Spain and China. In the UK for instance, the ransomware viciously infected the medical industry to an almost crippling effect as many systems were compromised. To the medical personnel, the attack halted their work as it demanded a ransom of $300. Similarly, the patients and other affiliated users of the NHS (National Health System, UK) had to live with extended delays as medical records went missing(Sherr, 2017). On the other hand, Russia had to deal with a worrying possibility of losing a grip on its public systems including the Health and Interior ministries. Furthermore, the countrys railway system was affected and so was the private sector after an extensive attack targeted the banking industry. The same outcome was also witnessed in Spain as the countrys telecommunication and electrical industry was affected by the attacks on Telefonica (Spains second largest telecommunication company) and Iberdrola (electrical company)(Hern Gibbs, 2017). The attack method and steps The National Security Agency (NSA) was the root of the problem as their access systems provided the foundation of the intrusion. This organization holds several hacking tools or techniques that they use as cyber-weapons, among these tools was the Windows vulnerability witnessed in this attack. In the attack, the EternalBlue vulnerability was used where it accessed Window messaging blocks, through the server messaging block protocol (SMB). In all the SMB protocol can serve as an all access item if compromised, an outcome that was verified by the WannaCry attack. As a protocol, SMB will enable machines connected in networks to access, read and write files which facilitate the different functionalities of computers. Moreover, the same protocol will enable the same machines to request services and even resources through the connected networks(News, 2017). Now, WannaCry banked on this vulnerability to attack machines as an access to one computer gave complete access to the connected networks, in fact, the attack process was aided by the same systems that facilitated the operations of the networks. Attack procedure: At the start, the intrusion first targeted unsecured networks as identified by unprotected access ports. Through these ports, the malwares starter (stager) was uploaded into a machine while being encrypted. In the next stage, the encrypted file was decrypted and the malware activated to perform its illicit operations. Furthermore, while conducting its activities, the malware also scanned for other unsecured ports where it sent the starter program to start the process all over again. Therefore, at the end of the attack, a complete and self-replicating program was used to infect thousands of machines without any form of human intervention(McGoogan, Titcomb, Krol, 2017). Solution A strong reminder of why machines and networks should have secured ports at all time with the unused ports being deactivated. In most cases, networks are infiltrated because of the negligence witnessed in setting them up. Therefore, even though the malware was stopped by its own vulnerabilities, its overwhelming success was propelled by networks problems because the users failed to implement the best security features. In some networks, the users had rogue access points through their mobile devices which facilitated the malwares success as these devices lacked the necessary security countermeasures(labs, 2016). However, while outlining the solutions that might have been used to avoid the attack, one cannot overlook the contribution of the vulnerability exploited by WannaCry (EternalBlue). Windows like any other modern organization prioritised on system deployment as compared to the security features, which was verified by them releasing an update patch. Furthermore, the users of the said systems should have had adequate security procedures to detect the faults in the messaging blocks before they were exploited. Therefore, these organization should restructure their security policies to have procedures that continuously evaluate their access protocols, the ultimate solution to the problem(labs, 2016). References 10 basic cybersecurity measures: best prcatices to reduce exploitable weaknesses and attacks. (2017). WaterISAC, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.mamsb.org.my/wp-content/uploads/10_Basic_Cybersecurity_MeasuresOct20162.pdf. Barrett, B. (2017). Security News This Week: OneLogin Had One Very Bad Breach. Wired, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.wired.com/2017/06/security-news-week-onelogin-one-bad-breach/. Coldewey, D. (2017). OneLogin admits recent breach is pretty dang serious. Tech crunch, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/01/onelogin-admits-recent-breach-is-pretty-dang-serious/. Fiveash, K. (2017). OneLogin suffers breachcustomer data said to be exposed, decrypted. Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/06/onelogin-data-breach-compromised-decrypted/. Gibbs, S. (2017). WannaCry: hackers withdraw 108,000 of bitcoin ransom. The guardian, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/03/wannacry-hackers-withdraw-108000-pounds-bitcoin-ransom. Greenberg, A. (2017). The WannaCry Ransomware Hackers Made Some Real Amateur Mistakes. Wired, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.wired.com/2017/05/wannacry-ransomware-hackers-made-real-amateur-mistakes/. Hern, A., Gibbs, S. (2017). What is WannaCry ransomware and why is it attacking global computers? . The guardian, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/12/nhs-ransomware-cyber-attack-what-is-wanacrypt0r-20. Kerbs. (2017). OneLogin: Breach Exposed Ability to Decrypt Data. Kerbs on security, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/06/onelogin-breach-exposed-ability-to-decrypt-data/. labs, F. s. (2016). Ransomware: How to predict, prevent, detect and respond. F secure, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/Ransomware_how_to_ppdr.pdf. McGoogan, C., Titcomb, J., Krol, C. (2017). What is WannaCry and how does ransomware work? The Telegraph, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/ransomware-does-work/. News, B. (2017). Massive ransomware infection hits computers in 99 countries. BBC News, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39901382. OneLogin. (n.d.). May 31, 2017 Security Incident (UPDATED June 8, 2017). Onelogin block, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.onelogin.com/blog/may-31-2017-security-incident. Sherr, I. (2017). WannaCry ransomware: Everything you need to know. Cnet, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.cnet.com/news/wannacry-wannacrypt-uiwix-ransomware-everything-you-need-to-know/.

Salmon Essays - Salmon, Oncorhynchus, Thamnophis, Ichthyology

Salmon What species would travel over 2000 miles just to have young and then die? It has been said that anyone who has not seen a wild salmon has not seen what a fish should be. Salmon was the common name applied to fish characterized by an elongated body covered with small, rounded scales and a fleshy fin between the dorsal fin and tail. In this paper I will be discussing history of studying salmon, the life cycle, spawning and mating behaviors; which has much to do with the total reproduction of salmon. Salmon were studied earlier than some may think. Experiments were done by men that date back to the mid-1600s. These experiments involved catching salmon in fresh water, tagging them, and then catching them again when they return to the same place, around six months later. These experiments were doubtful and it was not until the beginning of the 1900's that proof was available that the salmon returned home. (Shearer) Although usually drab in color before the breeding season, which varies with the species, members of the salmon family develop bright hues at spawning time. The male, during this mating season, usually develops a hooked snout and a humped back. "In many diverse taxa, males of the same species often exhibit multiple mating strategies. One well-documented alternative male reproductive pattern is 'female mimicry,' whereby males assume a female-like morphology or mimic female behavior patterns. In some species males mimic both female morphology and behavior. We report here female mimicry in a reptile, the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). This form of mimicry is unique in that it is expressed as a physiological feminization. Courting male red-sided garter snakes detect a female-specific pheromone and normally avoid courting other males. However, a small proportion of males release a pheromone that attracts other males, as though they were females. In the field, mating aggregations of 5-17 males were observed formed around these individual attractive males, which we have termed 'she-males.' In competitive mating trials, she-males mated with females significantly more often than did normal males, demonstrating not only reproductive competence but also a possible selective advantage to males with this female-like pheromone." In the competitive mating trials, the she-males were successful in 29 out of 42 trials. The normal males won out in only 13! The authors ask the question: Why aren't all males she-males given such an advantage? (Mason, Robert T., and Crews, David; "Female Mimicry in Garter Snakes," Nature, 316:59, 1985.) Comment. Among the fishes, bluegills and salmon (and probably many others) have female-appearing males competing with normal males. Abstract: The influence of sperm competition and individual mating behaviour in an externally fertilizing species of fish, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), is estimated from video observations of multiple-male spawnings and subsequent paternity analyses. One male dominated the paternity during polygamous spawnings, fathering more than 80% of the progeny in a single nest. Behavioural analyses of the spawnings showed that the first-mating male had sperm precedence in 6 out of 10 cases. In three of the other spawnings, sperm limitation likely influenced individual success, as the first-mating male had participated in a large number of spawnings. In the final, nearly simultaneous spawning, male size was more important than the 0.6-s difference in spawning times. Thus, male fertilization success can be influenced by a variety of factors, including sperm precedence, male size, and spawning history. Back to Table of Contents Before mating, one parent excavates a nest for the eggs; after the eggs are deposited and fertilized, the female stirs up the stream bottom so that earth and stones cover the eggs and protect them. The eggs hatch in two weeks to six months, depending on the species and the water temperature. During the migrations and nest-building activity that precede mating, neither the females nor the males consume food. In the life cycle of the pacific salmon, nature recycles the parents to feed the babies. Mature salmon leave the Pacific Ocean as saltwater fish, never again to eat as they battle their way up the Columbia River to spawn in the home stream where they were born. Those born in the upper reaches of the Columbia River's tributary stream, the Snake River, travel more than 1,000 miles inland to lay their eggs and fertilize them, roughly one fourth of the distance across the United States. Without enough reserves in their bodies to get back to the Pacific, the adult salmon spawn and die. To spawn, a female salmon scoops a nest in stream-bottom gravel by waving her tail and deposits her eggs in Salmon Essays - Salmon, Oncorhynchus, Thamnophis, Ichthyology Salmon What species would travel over 2000 miles just to have young and then die? It has been said that anyone who has not seen a wild salmon has not seen what a fish should be. Salmon was the common name applied to fish characterized by an elongated body covered with small, rounded scales and a fleshy fin between the dorsal fin and tail. In this paper I will be discussing history of studying salmon, the life cycle, spawning and mating behaviors; which has much to do with the total reproduction of salmon. Salmon were studied earlier than some may think. Experiments were done by men that date back to the mid-1600s. These experiments involved catching salmon in fresh water, tagging them, and then catching them again when they return to the same place, around six months later. These experiments were doubtful and it was not until the beginning of the 1900's that proof was available that the salmon returned home. (Shearer) Although usually drab in color before the breeding season, which varies with the species, members of the salmon family develop bright hues at spawning time. The male, during this mating season, usually develops a hooked snout and a humped back. "In many diverse taxa, males of the same species often exhibit multiple mating strategies. One well-documented alternative male reproductive pattern is 'female mimicry,' whereby males assume a female-like morphology or mimic female behavior patterns. In some species males mimic both female morphology and behavior. We report here female mimicry in a reptile, the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). This form of mimicry is unique in that it is expressed as a physiological feminization. Courting male red-sided garter snakes detect a female-specific pheromone and normally avoid courting other males. However, a small proportion of males release a pheromone that attracts other males, as though they were females. In the field, mating aggregations of 5-17 males were observed formed around these individual attractive males, which we have termed 'she-males.' In competitive mating trials, she-males mated with females significantly more often than did normal males, demonstrating not only reproductive competence but also a possible selective advantage to males with this female-like pheromone." In the competitive mating trials, the she-males were successful in 29 out of 42 trials. The normal males won out in only 13! The authors ask the question: Why aren't all males she-males given such an advantage? (Mason, Robert T., and Crews, David; "Female Mimicry in Garter Snakes," Nature, 316:59, 1985.) Comment. Among the fishes, bluegills and salmon (and probably many others) have female-appearing males competing with normal males. Abstract: The influence of sperm competition and individual mating behaviour in an externally fertilizing species of fish, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), is estimated from video observations of multiple-male spawnings and subsequent paternity analyses. One male dominated the paternity during polygamous spawnings, fathering more than 80% of the progeny in a single nest. Behavioural analyses of the spawnings showed that the first-mating male had sperm precedence in 6 out of 10 cases. In three of the other spawnings, sperm limitation likely influenced individual success, as the first-mating male had participated in a large number of spawnings. In the final, nearly simultaneous spawning, male size was more important than the 0.6-s difference in spawning times. Thus, male fertilization success can be influenced by a variety of factors, including sperm precedence, male size, and spawning history. Back to Table of Contents Before mating, one parent excavates a nest for the eggs; after the eggs are deposited and fertilized, the female stirs up the stream bottom so that earth and stones cover the eggs and protect them. The eggs hatch in two weeks to six months, depending on the species and the water temperature. During the migrations and nest-building activity that precede mating, neither the females nor the males consume food. In the life cycle of the pacific salmon, nature recycles the parents to feed the babies. Mature salmon leave the Pacific Ocean as saltwater fish, never again to eat as they battle their way up the Columbia River to spawn in the home stream where they were born. Those born in the upper reaches of the Columbia River's tributary stream, the Snake River, travel more than 1,000 miles inland to lay their eggs and fertilize them, roughly one fourth of the distance across the United States. Without enough reserves in their bodies to get back to the Pacific, the adult salmon spawn and die. To spawn, a female salmon scoops a nest in stream-bottom gravel by waving her tail and deposits her eggs in

How to Distinguish Female Lobsters From Males

How to Distinguish Female Lobsters From Males Want to know the sex of a lobster you have caught or are about to eat? Here are several ways to tell: Lobster Anatomy Lobsters have feathery appendages called swimmerets, or pleopods, underneath their tails. These swimmerets help a lobster swim and are also where a female lobster  (sometimes called a hen)  carries her eggs. Swimmerets also can clue you in to the sex of a lobster. The first pair of swimmerets (the pair closest to the head) just behind the walking legs point up toward the head. They are thin, feathery, and soft on a female  but hard and bony on a male. Also, the female has a rectangular shield between her second pair of walking legs, which she uses to store sperm after mating with a male. This is where the male inserts those hard swimmerets during mating, releasing sperm that the female stores. When its time to release her eggs, they flow past the sperm and are fertilized. The female stores these eggs under her abdomen (tail) for 10 to 11 months.   Because they carry eggs, females tend to have a wider tail than males. Females carrying fertilized eggs arent usually harvested, but inside a female lobster you might find unfertilized eggs, or roe. They are green when fresh and bright red after the lobster is cooked. (They are also called coral because of the color.) These can be eaten.  Females can carry up to 80,000 eggs at one time.   Courting Ritual Despite their ferocious appearance, lobsters have a complex courtship ritual that is often described as touching.  Males and females mate after the female molts. The males live in caves or dens, and as her molting time draws near, a female visits the dens and wafts a pheromone toward the male via her urine, which is released from openings near her antennae. The male energetically beats his swimmerets. Over a few days, the female approaches the den and checks out the male. They eventually initiate a mock boxing match and the female enters the den. During molting the female is vulnerable- she is very soft and takes at least half an hour to be able to stand- so the male protects her. At this point the male rolls the female over onto her back and transfers the sperm packet, or spermatophore, to the females seminal receptacle. The female holds her eggs until she is ready to fertilize them.   Spiny Lobster Sexing Spiny lobsters (rock lobsters) are usually sold as tails, rather than live, so you might not get a chance to try out your lobster sexing skills at a market that sells spiny lobsters.  However, these lobsters also can be sexed using the swimmerets on the underside of their tails.   In females, the swimmerets on one side might overlap those on the other. You might also see a dark patch, where the spermatophore is located at the base of her last pair of walking legs. They might also have claw-shaped pincers at the end of their fifth pair of walking legs that help hold the eggs.  Roe mmight be found inside whole spiny lobsters. Sources: Lobsters, Gulf of Maine Research Institute Lobster 101: Reproduction and Life Cycle, Maine Lobstermens Community AllianceHow to Determine the Sex of Regulated Invertebrates, State of Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources Lobster Biology, The Lobster Conservancy

Technology in business

Technology in business Summary Many companies today are competing for survival in the world market. Technology has also played very vital role in terms of boosting the competitiveness of organizations in the world market. In addition, leaders of different organizations are adopting different leadership strategies to enable their organizations to become competitive in the global market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Technology in business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, it is important for leaders of organizations to adopt leadership strategies that will boost the performance of their organizations thereby enable them to compete effectively in the global market. There are trends that are being observed in the business environment which are making it important for leaders to formulate leadership strategies that can enable their organizations to remain competitive in the world economy. However, leaders often face challenges w hich make it difficult for them to implement effective strategies to improve the performance of their organizations (Kouzes Posner, 2008). As a result, many leaders are being forced to engage in thorough research so as to enable them to come up with effective leadership strategies that will enable them to increase the profitability of their organizations considerably. Introduction Technology plays a major role in terms of boosting the competitiveness of organizations in the world market. Organizations are adopting technology so as to enable them to become efficient in their production processes. This has made them to be able to provide consumers with products that meet their needs adequately. Globalization is also growing at a very high rate. Many organizations have therefore taken advantage of globalization so as to enable them to increase their market share. This has made many organizations to be able to increase their profitability significantly. Since major organizations in the world today have made most of their operations to become global, they have been able to come into contact with different kinds of consumers who have different tastes for the products that the organizations manufacture (Kouzes Posner, 2008). As a result, organizations have been forced to be innovative while producing their products in order to make their products to be more appealing to consumers. With the advent of technology, organizations have become very competitive. In addition, organizations have realized that their productivity relies on the commitment of their employees. As a result, many organizations are employing complex measures to enable them motivate their employees so that they can also boost their productivity. However, globalization and advancement in technology have provided new opportunities for employment to people.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, employees are finding it easy to shift from one job to another easily. However, most employees do not have the right skills which most organizations require. As a result, many leaders of organizations are implementing strategies to enable them retain the most productive employees. It is therefore true that leaders of different organizations all over the world are being faced with the challenge of handling emerging trends in the global business environment. Most leaders are therefore implementing strategies aimed at ensuring that their organizations adopt sophisticated technology to enable them provide quality products to their customers. In addition, they are focusing on adopting globalization and diversity so that they can be able to address the different needs of customers in different parts of the world. In addition, they are focusing on extending their supply chains so that they can be able to minimize the costs of the products that they manufacture. Moreover, they are ensuring that they retain their most productive employees so that the productivity of their organization can keep rising. Wal-Mart present form analysis Organizational structure Wal-Mart is a multinational corporation which has its headquarters in the US. It is one of the main private employers in the world. It has an employee base of about 2 million. Regional Vice Presidents (RVP) are the ones who manage the organization at the regional level. The RVPs are based in Bentonville but they usually travel to their respective regions for three weeks every month in order to ensure that the operations of the regions are in line with the expectations of the company. All the regional managers are required to meet with the Bentonville-based executive leaders so that they can be able to discuss the various challenges that face all Wal-Mart’s stores. Every region has about eleven districts. Each district usually has about 7 stores. However, it is the goal of a district manager t o ensure that all the activities of the organization are run smoothly at the district level. The District Managers usually work hand in hand with the Regional Personnel Managers (RPMs) to ensure that any issues relating to the operations of the stores are addressed adequately. It is the duty of the RPMs to select the people who manage individual stores. Wal-Mart stores are therefore designed in such a manner that the managers of the organization are the ones who allocate duties as well as monitor the activities of employees within the organization. The managers also identify any changes that need to be implemented to the stores in order to ensure that all the production processes within the stores are in line with the goals of the entire organization (The Wall Street Journal, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Technology in business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Workforce diversity Wal-Mart treats all employ ees equally. As a result, Wal-Mart ensures that all the employees within the organization have equal rights with regard to accessing the resources of the organization. It ensures that all the employees are given sufficient support so that they can be able to achieve their full potential thereby increasing their productivity significantly. Wal-Mart believes that diversity is the foundation of a sustainable business. As a result, it respects all the employees who work in it. It ensures that its employees work together thereby ensuring that the organization continues being the leader in the provision of quality products and services to its customers. To ensure that it continues being a global leader in all the activities that it engages in, Wal-Mart adopts diversity a part of its business plan to enable it incorporate all the needs of its employees in an effective manner. Wal-Mart believes that respecting diversity enables its employees to live with each other in a peaceful manner (The Wall Street Journal, 2012). Customer diversity Most business enterprises engage in production processes which please their customers. With the advent of globalization therefore, most business enterprises in the world today engage in production processes which enable them to produce products that meet the exact needs of their customers. Therefore, many multinational corporations look for markets in different parts of the world where customers have different tastes. To increase their sales therefore, most organizations produce goods which address the needs of the different types of customers adequately. In order to capture a large market share, Wal-Mart provides its customers with a wide range of products to choose from. It also customizes its products depending on the needs of its customers in different parts of the world. To ensure that the customers remain satisfied with the products that they obtain from Wal-Mart, the company engages in market research in order to identify the ex act needs of its customers. This strategy guides Wal-Mart while customizing the products for its different types of customers who are located in different parts of the world (Lueneburger Goleman, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Communications technology Advancements in information technology have played a vital role in terms of revolutionizing the manner in which businesses communicate with their customers. Advancements in information technology have made it easy for organizations to communicate with their customers in an efficient and faster manner. It has also enabled organizations to reduce their costs of production drastically. As part of its growth strategy therefore, Wal-Mart has invested in a communication infrastructure which has enabled it to improve the way it interacts with its customers. Wal-Mart has a satellite communication system in the United States which links all its stores to the headquarters. This has made the process of managing the organization easier. Wal-Mart also uses Retail Link and EDI applications over the internet thereby making it possible for the company to exchange data with its suppliers easily all over the world. In addition, it uses Web 2.0 and social networking tools to enable it interact with its customers more effectively. Wal-Mart Future trends The workplace today is experiencing significant changes. This is because people are getting more educated thereby impacting on the way in which they conduct their daily operations. People today are more efficient in the activities that they perform. In addition, education has become global thereby enabling people from all over the world to share ideas and improve their working skills. In the case of Wal-Mart, it hires qualified personnel from different parts of the world thereby enabling it to benefit from the diverse skills which the employees possess (Lueneburger Goleman, 2010). Technology has also played a major role in terms of enabling people to perform their daily activities more efficiently. By adopting technology, organizations are able to improve the productivity of their employees thereby impacting positively on their profitability. This state of affairs has enabled organizations to increase th eir sizes and competitiveness significantly. In addition, technology and globalization have made it possible for people to move from one country to another in search of descent jobs. The work environment is experiencing exponential change today. As a result, the manner in which people perform their daily activities is also changing. Therefore, by year 2020, workforce will be completely different than it is today. For example, it is said that employee diversity is expected to prevail in 2020. This is because organizations will experience cultural diversity in the workplace. As a result, employees within the organization will have a broader set of values and believes than today. It is said that the generational divide will create disparity in the way young and old people work. It is therefore important for organizations to learn how to manage the different cultures and expectations. Since Wal-Mart operates globally, it encounters people who come from diverse cultural backgrounds. Wal- Mart will therefore be required to devise leadership strategies which will enable it to unite the different groups of people working within the organization so that they can contribute towards the overall productivity of the organization (Lueneburger Goleman, 2010). Employment will be expected to shift to deployment since labor force will be more mobile. In addition, it will be possible to work in any part of the world at any time. In order to ensure that it provides the best quality products to its customers therefore, Wal-Mart should ensure that it hires highly qualified personnel from different parts of the world. It should also pay its employees competitive wages so as to ensure that it retains the most productive and talented employees. The jobs available in 2020 will also require high level qualifications. However, since there is a shortage in the number of people who are qualified, growth and innovation is expected to experience serious challenges. It is said that most of th e population in developing economies is aging. By the year 2020, approximately 25 percent of Europeans will be over 60 years old. As a result, the aging workforce will either want to retire early or wish to work for few hours thereby reducing the profitability of organizations. By 2020, more than one third of the data will be sent through the cloud. Therefore, technology will bring together employees, clients and partners. This will enhance collaboration and improve transparency in organizations. In order to be ready for the transformation, Wal-Mart should hire highly qualified personnel who will enable it to remain competitive in the global business environment as well as enable it to cope with the various challenges that are brought about by globalization. More women are expected to take up most leadership positions in the work environment by 2020. It is said that 1 out of every 3 workers will be a woman. This will change the culture of many companies since the management style th at women adopt is different from the one that men adopt. In a research that was conducted on 500 fortune 500 companies, it was observed that the companies which had more women in leadership positions attained higher return on equity. Studies reveal that most women usually manage organizations in a more cautious manner than men. Many women focus on the long term goals of their organization (Kouzes Posner, 2008). It is therefore important for Wal-Mart to consider the issue of hiring more women in positions of leadership in order to ensure that it benefits from the unique leadership style that women practice. Telecommuting is a different kind of work atmosphere that is expected to have significant impact in the way organizations carry out their daily operations. Many organizations are adopting this type of job structure because of its convenience. Telecommuting provides opportunities such as video conferencing, Hot Desks, and smaller offices. By adopting telecommuting, organizations e nd up with flexible workforce and they also reduce recruitment costs. When companies enable remote working conditions, issues such as traffic congestion will reduce significantly. It is therefore important for Wal-Mart to incorporate some aspects of telecommuting to enable it reduce the time wasted while commuting as well as enable its employees to be flexible while working within the organization. Leadership trends impacting on Wal-Mart Wal-Mart implements unique leadership strategies which enable it to become successful in its operations. The company ensures that information flows smoothly from the headquarters to every store. The people from the headquarters are the ones who are sent to the stores so that they can gather information about competitors and other challenges that the stores might be facing. However, Wal-Mart’s competitors require the people from the local stores to go to the headquarters in order to give out information about the performance of the businesses. The unique practice by Wal-Mart enables the local stores to develop a close relationship with the people at the headquarters. This state of affairs has enabled Wal-Mart to be able to respond to the demands of its customers on a timely basis (Businessweek, 2010). The relationship between senior executives and employees at Wal-Mart is based on close communication, respect and high expectations. Though the employees are not given high salaries, they usually enjoy other benefits such as health care plans, profit incentives, and retirement schemes. The company also advocates for an open-door policy and provides a variety of promotion opportunities thereby enabling the employees to remain committed to realizing the goals of the organization. Though this strategy is not common in large organizations, it usually adds value to Wal-Mart’s employees thereby enabling them to devote themselves to their jobs as well as offer the customers high quality services. Technology has played a ver y important role in enabling Wal-Mart to be successful in its operations. Technology has helped Wal-Mart to improve the relationship it has with its customers and employees. The customers can therefore easily access the various services that the company offers through the internet. As a result, it is possible for customers to find more information about the products before making an actual purchase. In addition, the company has a very responsive support team who usually address any queries that the customers make. Recommended Changes for the future Leadership actions to be taken The global business world is very competitive today. As a result, it is important for an organization to ensure that it implements strategies which can enable it to run smoothly. Therefore, in order for Wal-Mart to continue being competitive in the world today, there are certain measures that it should adopt. Wal-Mart should invest in its employees. It should ensure that its employees are versant with the mo st complex means of production. Since technology keeps advancing, Wal-Mart should ensure that its employees get relevant training regarding the technology is use. This would ensure that the productivity of the employees within the organization remains consistent. In addition, the company should consider hiring talented people who would be responsible for handling sensitive tasks within the organization. In order to attract highly talented people, Wal-Mart should award its employees competitive salaries as well as give them rewards whenever they demonstrate exemplary performance. This would have the effect of boosting the productivity of the employees within the organization thus increasing its competitiveness (Businessweek, 2010). Digital proficiency is also an issue that organizations need to consider while carrying out their usual activities. The organizations that implement digital technology in their operations are usually very efficient in their production processes. As a resul t, it is important for Wal-Mart to ensure that it implements digital technology in all its operations in order for it to make its production processes faster and more efficient (Businessweek, 2010). The leaders at Wal-Mart should take time to learn about the strategies that the competitors implement. This way, the company would be well aware of the strategies that is should adopt so as to enable it to cope with the competitive pressure in the global market. The company can therefore be able to implement other strategies which would counter the strategies that the competitors adopt. It is therefore important for Wal-Mart to hire a team of researchers once in a while to enable it understand the market trends and the kind of strategies that it should adopt so as to succeed in the market. Concepts Application Diversity Management Diversity management refers to a situation whereby an organization is able to handle a diverse group of employees who work within the same organization. Divers ity in organizations is usually observed when they employ people who belong to different cultures or whereby young and old people are made to work together in an organization. In the case of Wal-Mart, diversity management is observed because the company is able to manage the different groups of employees within the organization thereby enabling them to work together to realize the goals of the organization. Leadership models Leadership models refer to a situation whereby certain key employees within an organization are allocated the duty of managing other employees in the same organization. In the case of Wal-Mart, the leadership process is hierarchical in nature. At Wal-Mart, the Regional Personnel Managers are the ones who manage all the activities of the stores in all the regions. The District managers on the other hand are the ones who give out information to the RPMs regarding the performance of the stores at district levels. Ethics Ethics refer to the acceptable codes of condu ct in every organization. Wal-Mart practices ethics by ensuring that all the rights of the employees within the organization are respected. It also ensures that the customers are treated fairly and that the employees receive fair salaries. Moreover, Wal-Mart adopts production processes that are friendly to the environment. Decision making models These refer to the manner in which decisions are made within an organization. In the case of Wal-Mart, the top-level managers give employees an opportunity to participate in the decision making process in order to ensure that the decisions made within the organization are effective and that every employee within the organization is able to comply with them. Problem solving This refers to a situation whereby an organization is able to address any problems that arise within it on a timely basis. For example, Wal-Mart is usually very cautious with regard to addressing issues such as production of defective products. It always ensures that any p roblems that arise are addressed in the shortest time possible in order to ensure that customers remain loyal to the organization. Conflict management processes Conflict management refers to a situation whereby an organization is able to address any conflicts that arise between employees and customers. Wal-Mart ensures that its employees and customers relate positively with each other. It does this by ensuring that the employees are well-trained to handle all customers’ queries politely. This makes the customers to trust in the products and services that Wal-Mart offers. References Businessweek. (2010). Methodology: Best Companies for Leadership. Web. Kouzes, J. M., Posner, B. Z. (2008). The Leadership Challenge. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Lueneburger, C., Goleman, D. (2010). The Change Leadership Management Sustainability Demands. Web. The Wall Street Journal. (2012). Global Leaders Urged to Support New Action Plan to Wipe Out Illiteracy by 2020. Web.

Walmart lawsuite versus TABC Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Walmart lawsuite versus TABC - Article Example They want the violation to end to enjoy their rights. Wal-Mart says that Texas is irrationally banning them from selling hard liquor like they do in other states. The company argues this is so only because it is a publicly traded company. TABC says even if Wal-Mart could sell hard liquor in the state, the law only entitles it to do so in only five of its stores (Kieler 10). Owners of stores that pool permits together with their family members, however, have no limit to the number of permits. Wal-Mart argues that the law creates arbitrary distinctions that are used to separate classes of retailers that have no rational difference in their selling or purpose for selling the commodity. Wal-Mart Company would also like to sell distilled spirits at its stores and Sam’s Club located in Texas for persons who want off-premises consumption (Kieler 6). The lawsuit states that the Texas law forbids public traded companies from owning a permit that one needs to sell alcohol. It is the package store permit. The public corporation class of retailers gets denied the opportunity to compete in the hard liquor department. The other class of retailers i.e. publicly traded hotel corporations and private corporations can compete without having the restrictions they are getting. There is no other state in America that permits private corporations to sell hard liquor (Kieler 8). Some of the publicly traded corporation but not all of them have a prohibition on retail sale of spirits. There is also another issue of limiting the number of stores and outlets that should sell the liquor. Wal-Mart in their lawsuit takes up this as another issue. The company states in its lawsuit that TABC is unfair in letting other companies own the permit. Several small companies that are family owned to take advantage of the loophole that allows close family members have access to