Exploring The Religion Of Zoroastrianism Religion Essay

Exploring The Religion Of Zoroastrianism Religion Essay Zoroastrianism is said to be the oldest revealed religion in the world and holds a firm place in being one of the most interesting studies of the worlds religions. Such significance can be attributed to the influences on Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Little is known about the earliest days of Zoroastrianism after its establishment by Iranian prophet Zarathustra (Zoroaster in western culture) but during the 6th century BCE and 7th century CE Zoroastrianism was the most influential religion in three consecutive Persian Empires (known as Iran) .Its downfall in Persia followed the Arab invasions and resulted in a small minority establishing a group in north-west India in the 10th century CE. Body Paragraph 1: Zarathustra was a Persian prophet who thought he had envisioned the sight of God Ahura Mazda- the create of all that was good and who alone is to be worshipped. This is a change from past Indo-Persian polytheism and is known to be the first non-biblical monotheist. Their sacred book of law, the Avesta is collection of sacred writing complied over many centuries and was not completed until the Sassanid dynasty. It consists hymns ascribed to Zarathustra- the Gathas- invocation and rituals to be used at festivals, hymns of praise and spells against demons and prescriptions for purification. The concept of God involves the use of both monotheism and dualism. In his visions Zarathustra was taken up to the heavens where Ahura Mazda revealed that he had an opponent, Aura Mainyu, the spirit and promoter of evil. It was from this vision that Zarathustra was given the task of inviting all of mankind to choose between good and evil. Zoroaster taught man they he must partake in the cosmic stru ggle because of his capacity of free choice. In turn making Zoroastrianism an ethical religion due to the importance of choosing good over evil. It is believed in Zoroastrianism that humans are free to decide between right and wrong, light and dark, and truth and lie and ultimately their choices would affect their destiny for all eternity. Afterlife in Zoroastrian culture is decided by the balance of the words, good and evil deed and thoughts throughout ones life. Generally this idea is not absolute, however there is exception for human weakness, this means faults are not registered or weight forever on the scales. Two means of obliterating them; confession and the transfer of supererogatory merits. The ideology of monotheism, heaven, hell, angelology, the messiah, the resurrection of the body was influential on Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Body 2: Zoroastrianism was the most influential Religion upon Persia for three successive Empires the first lead by Cyrus the Young of the Archaemenian Family from 549 BCE -331 BCE. Kings of the Archaemenian Empire are known to have been very self-righteous Zoroastrians and ruled politically in unity with the Law of Asha truth and righteousness. Cyrus was generally care-free and thus no imposition was made upon his people to practise Zoroastrian ways. Beneficiary particularly to the Jews whom Cyrus allowed to return to the Holy Land from exile in Babylon this impacted them greatly and influenced post-Exilic Judaism [Boyce, M: 1977: p211]. According to Xenophon and Plutarch [Xenophon and Plutarch in Lawless: 1994: 211], Cyrus worshipped Mithra, Anahita and Ahura-Mazda with inscriptions dating back to Cyrus the Young indicate that many of his building projects were under their protection. Darius the Great was also very religious and showed the same general acceptance during his reign, attributing him being king to that of Ahura Mazda By the favour of Ahura-Mazda I am king; Ahura-Mazda bestowed the kingship upon meby the favour of Ahura-Mazda these countries showed respect toward my lawAhura-Mazda bore me aid until I got possession of this kingdom. [Behistan Inscription in Lawless, J (1991) p.207]. Ahura-Mazda was also proclaimed responsible for helping create Darius building projects at Susa, Persepolis and his tomb at Naqshi-eRustan. Following Darius to the throne was his son Xerxes who, like Darius before him attributed his ascension to the throne and building projects to Ahura-Mazda. A rather controversial tablet as Persepolis indicates that Xerxes claims that he destroyed sanctuaries of false gods[Kent in Lawless (1994) p208]; Among these countries there was (a place) where previously false gods were worshipped. Afterwards, by the favour of Ahura-Mazda, I destroyed that sanctuary of the demons (daevas) and I made proclamation: The Demons shall not be worshipped! Where previously the demons were worshipped there I worshipped Ahura-Mazda and Arta reverently The inscription according to Kent has worried scholars and there are suggestions that Xerxes localized Zoroastrianism. Next in line after the rule of the Archaemenians was the Seleucids and Arcasids; Zoroastrianism became self-sufficient during their rule. The Parthian Arcasids overthrew the Seleucids and ruled for a much longer period than the Archaemenians, however doing so with a less centralised rule. A series of changes began from the Arcasids rule this included; Gathering of Zoroastrian texts from all provinces and The Vendidad (Laws Against Demons) is established. What continued was the tradition of tolerance towards other religions and also governed the law of Asha like past rulers. The final Empire to hold Zoroastrianism as its main religion was the Sasanians. The Sasanians around 224 CE 7th Century- were ruled by Ardashir, and during his reign important developments were made- A single Zoroastrian church was created under the control of Persia, the Zoroastrian calendar was reformed; the older colander had 360 days, the new calendar was a 365 day calendar; the core of the Avesta was able to be written down. By the end of the Sasanian period the authoritarian Zoroastrian church-state was immensely wealthy, until the Islamic conquests of the 7th century that is Body paragraph 3: The Islamic Arabs invaded and conquered Persia in the 7th century; this had a disastrous effect on Zoroastrianism that surpassed that of Alexander the Greats conquest. Numerous libraries were burned to the ground and to a great extent so was Persias cultural heritage. Zoroastrians were treated like dhimmis (People of the Book) at the hands of the Arab invaders this meant, that they were allowed to retain their religious practises, but had to pay extra taxes as a result. Social humiliations and other laws were implemented to make life so difficult for those who practised Zoroastrianism that they would, as a result convert to Islam. This tactic was successful as over time many Persians did convert and thus making Zoroastrianism a minority religion. More successive attack from the Turks, Mongols and Islamists destroyed more religious texts and Zoroastrianism declined further into obscurity. Conclusion: Zoroastrianism is said to be the oldest revealed religion in the world and holds a firm place in being one of the most interesting studies of the worlds religions. Such significance can be attributed to the influences on Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Little is known about the earliest days of Zoroastrianism after its establishment by Iranian prophet Zarathustra (Zoroaster in western culture) but during the 6th century BCE and 7th century CE Zoroastrianism was the most influential religion in three consecutive Persian Empires (known as Iran) . Its downfall in Persia followed the Arab invasions and resulted in a small minority establishing a group in north-west India in the 10th century CE.

Essay --

1. Security is paramount when dealing with a company network and the services that access the network. The services that will use the company network server are data storage, internal applications, and many desktop computers. When securing networks you must take into account, any exposure of an access, insecure protocols, any open ports, and any type of broadcasts that may show a weakness to the network. Many types of prevention are available. A user access must be setup; this allows the company users permission to utilize the network. The advantage of this, it limits the access to files, applications, and nodes that an individual does not have permission to access. You will want to setup filtering and port blocking on your network components that you will be using such as, routers, firewalls, switches, and virus protectors. Make sure you install the latest patches and updates. Any idle services must be disabled and secured for prevention. 2. The Atbash Cipher was the one I chose to use. A Jewish rebel sect most likely created this cipher; the name of the sect is Essenes. They used this cipher to protect significant people from the act of following a different religion. My initial message as follows: Hello Professor, I am using the Atbash Cipher for my message. Originally, the code was the Hebrew alphabet, but later changed to operate with the English alphabet. Virtually it takes the letters and orientates them to another letter, such as the "A" is a "Z"; the "B" is a "Y". The text that was encoded and decoded was as follows: Svool Kiluvhhli, R zn fhrmt gsv Zgyzhs Xrksvi uli nb nvhhztv. Lirtrmzoob, gsv xlwv dzh gsv Svyivd zokszyvg, yfg ozgvi xszmtvw gl lkvizgv drgs gsv Vmtorhs zokszyvg. Erigfzoob rg gzpvh gsv ovggvih zmw lirvmgz... ...secure as not to allow access from the outside. More things that utilize the network is various types of hardware, for example network adapters, hubs, switches, routers, access points, modems, and cables. I have to make sure that all of these devices remain secure at all times. Another of the options that I have to be concerned with is would I like to setup a peer-to-peer network or a client-server network for my home. One of the inadequacy I have in using is securing my laptop in the home, I the laptop sitting on my desk for use. If I was to put it in a laptop case when it is not is use, it would be one solution. Secondly, if I secure the laptop to the desk with a cable and lock for added security it would take a little time in trying to steal it. Thirdly, I could remove the laptop from sight and put in a secure location that only my family and I know it is secure.

Type I and Type II Diabetes

Print off this document and answer the questions at the end of both parts. On the due date for this assignment, you will form groups in class and each group will be given a separate set of questions to answer. The in-class questions will be related to the questions In this document and will be answerable If you have answered the document questions. Activity Research the general facts of diabetes to better address Mooring's concerns. Your main objectives are the following: 1.Distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes by comparing and contrasting heir definitions, bodily effects, warning signs, target groups, and current treatments in a table. Type I Diabetes* Type 2 Diabetes Definition Type 1 is caused by the body producing antibodies that attack the pancreas destroying the beta cells. Because of this the pancreas is not able to produce adequate amounts of insulin. Type 2 is caused by insufficient amounts of insulin production or a change in the resistance of tissues to the insuli n.Bodily effects (what does It cause In the body) Potential blindness or violins Impairment, neophyte (kidney damage), enumerator never damaged increased susceptibility to fugal or skin infections, foot problems, and issues with heart and blood vessels including risks of heart attack and/or stroke. Same as Type 1 diabetes with the addition of the complications with gestational diabetes in pregnant women such as upperclassman and high blood pressure. These may predispose the child to Type 1 diabetes. It may also increase the risk of Alchemist's Disease and hearing loss.Warning signs (what symptoms are seen that indicate diabetes) Weight loss even with an Increased appetite, noticeable mood changes or Increased Irritability, constant thirst followed by an Increase In urination frequency. Violins impairment and lack of energy/fatigue. Or infections and a darkening of skin on areas of the body. Target groups (what groups of people are more likely to develop DMS) People with a family his tory or are genetically predisposed. Certain viruses are linked to increased risk, such as mumps. Children between 4-7 and 10-14 are in a noticeable age group of reported cases.Additionally geographic location may also play into the risk. (being further away from the equator) People over the age of 40 or people who are overweight are in a higher risk category. Inactivity or a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk. A family history of type 2 diabetes and race can also increase the risk. Some minority groups such as Hispanics and American Indians are more likely to develop symptoms. Current treatments Current treatments are the use of injecting insulin into the body through an insulin pump, syringe or other type of injector.Also using a balance of daily exercise, careful planning of meals and monitoring blood sugar levels. The most important treatment is a change in lifestyle. A balance of daily exercise and healthy planned meals to help weight loss and blood sugar monitoring. Som e people may still need insulin therapy or medications to help. Beers, Mark H. â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus and Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism. † The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehorse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2006. 1274-285. Print. Martini, Frederic, Kathleen Welch, and William C.It also boosts TAP production and the usage of the glucose as it comes into the cell; this will also increase the glycogen formation when there is an excess amount available. Also helps with protein synthesis, amino acid absorption, and advocates will in increase the intake of glucose to assist in in the synthesis of regicides. Martini, Frederic, Judi Lindsey. Nathan, and Edwin F. Bartholomew. â€Å"Chi 18 The Endocrine System. † Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2012. 621-23. Print 4.Answer the following question: Recent studies on mice have shown that fat cells produce a hormone called resisting that leads to insulin res istance. Researchers believe the gene that regulates the production of resisting is overactive in those suffering from obesity. How does this discovery correlate with Type 2 diabetes? (Explain how this is related to development of type 2 diabetes) As the fatty tissues increase the more resisting will be produced. As these 2 factors increase it will increase the insulin resistance of the cells and begin to show the early signs of Type 2 diabetes.This would explain why weight loss is an important factor in controlling diabetes. Diseases-conditions/type-2-did beets/bas CICS/risk-factors/con-20031902 1 . What should Morgan do? State what kind of diet/lifestyle changes Morgan should follow and explain why. Also briefly explain why she should not follow the other treatment routes. Include in your assessment the Atkins' Diet, a diet high in fiber and owe in saturated fat, and use of supplements containing the herb Phaedra (ephedrine). To help her choose the best diet to help her to make a life change versus Just trying a diet.It is important that she make a change that she can live with and most people don't stick to a diet over a long period of time. She will want to immediately replace her fatty snacks and foods with options that are high-fiber and low in fats. Whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables are a good start for healthy meal options combined with limiting animal proteins and refined sugars. These steps in combination with exercise should be a big part of treating Type 2 diabetes. Based on information on the Atkins' diet I would not recommend it.Although it does help with the weight loss there are some parts of the diet that would not work with diabetes. One of the biggest risks is with ketosis and stones that are caused from the low Carr diet. Ketosis is an indication that your body doesn't have enough glucose for energy. This will cause it to use stored body fat for energy buy has unpleasant side effects that will make sticking to the diet difficult as well as releasing stones. Stones can build up over time and cause kidney damage which is already a risk with diabetes.Lastly Atkins' diet is controversial because of it being high in saturates fats that can over time cause issue with the cardiac system. Supplements can be beneficial but Just because it's over the counter does not mean that it is safe. Ephedrine is general is known to have some benefits but also known to have dangerous side effects in high does. Risks of stroke, high blood pressure, and retention of urine are all things that would already be risks of the diabetes but increased by its usage.

An Analysis Of A Doll s House - 1322 Words

TITLE: The Theme of Gender Inequality in A Doll’s House INTRO: It is well-known that throughout history women and men have not always been treated as equals; it was not until the early twentieth century that women could vote in most countries. In the Victorian era, when A Doll’s House took place, women held a less than equitable sociopolitical and domestic standing. Socially, marriage and motherhood where no longer just emotional fulfillment for a woman; they had now become a responsibility and a full-time job that hardly allowed for leisure or external work. Since a woman’s life was centered on domesticity she had even fewer political rights outside the house than she did inside. A woman was not to vote, she could not form contracts without consent from a man, she was not deemed as a person under the law and she had no self-governance. THESIS: In Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, the effect of the symbolism of Nora and Torvald’s marriage is vital on the development of the theme of gender inequality d uring the Victorian era. PARAGRAPH 1: In the first place, throughout the novel, Torvald is constantly using pet names to address Nora rather than referring to her by her name. This may seem cute, but what he is indirectly saying is that she is not a reasonable person to whom he should speak to with respect. When one looks at the different names Torvald uses, it does not take long to catch on to a theme; Torvald calls Nora his â€Å"little lark†, â€Å"little squirrel† and â€Å"skylark† (1,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Doll s House 1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of being a husband in both A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen and Fences by August Wilson is failed to a certain extent due to the fact that they cannot meet the expectations of their wives. By failing to do so, they both damage their relationships. In Fences, we learn that Troy Maxon’s failure as a husband started when he cheated on his wife, Rose, with another woman, who soon became pregnant with his child. In A Doll’s House, Nora would do anything to save her husband, Torvald, but that thatRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll s House 1005 Words   |  5 PagesA Doll’s House is an iconic play focusing on the themes of respect and reputation, lies and deceit, men and masculinity, and women and femininity. It emphasizes physical aspects of women, while excluding influence on the men s appearance, giving insight into the time period. It shows how society judged others while presenting information about how reputation influenced relationships and marriage, leaving the audience pondering what would have happened to the Helmer family if Nora had been unattractiveRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll s House Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesElena-Mirabal ENC 1102 TR 9:50-11:05 December 9th 2015 A Doll’s House The story of humanity is one full of intrigues of any kind, from the creation up to modern times. Indeed, every generation has lived through and seen an evolution or transformation of its social and cultural values (Rabi 27). In modern times, it would be difficult, especially in advanced countries to find the entrenched patriarchal societies as found in the A Doll’s House, a family living in the late 19th century. Set in Norway, thisRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll s House 870 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Three: A doll’s house The story centrally focus on what goes on in a marriage between Torvald Helmer, the husband and his wife Nora, in the Victorian Era Torvald. Helmer is a hard working husband, a lawyer, who treats his wife more like a child than a woman. His always calling her silly names like â€Å"little squirrel† and â€Å"little lark twittering†, but she seems to not mind it at all. Nora is a happy wife, or at least that’s what it seems like until her little secret is revealed. There’s a quoteRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll s House Essay2459 Words   |  10 Pagesmotives to destroy his wife, Elizabeth. Abigail’s desire to acquire John is shown in her manipulation of the court and this leads to many unfair deaths by hanging and various names left tarnished all because of Abigail’s lust for one man. In ‘A doll’s house’ female deceit is presented within the character of Nora her deceit radiates throughout the play and is recognised from the very beginning as she and her husband, Torvald, are quarrelling about who eat a portion of macaroons. The fact the audienceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie A Doll s House 877 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"A Doll’s House† is a British movie filmed in 1973. Nora has spent her enter life living under the rules of her late father and authoritarian husband, Torvald. Years earlier Nora committed forgery by signing her father’s name in order to borrow money from a man named Krogstad. Nora’s husband was dying and she needed the money to take a trip to Italy to save him. Now she is being blackmailed and lives in fear of her husband discovering what she has done. But when the truth is revealed Nora findsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play A Doll s House 1410 Words   |  6 Pagesrestrictive life with their life centered round their husband and subsequently their children. Although, women were supposed to be treated with respect by men, most men viewed women as weak and having no ability to perform any task. In the play â€Å"A Doll’s House† the character Nora shows how these expectations affect her behavior which reflect her desire to change the traditional gender roles in the demanding society she was obligated to adhere to. When a couple got married in this period her property wasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie A Doll s House 1070 Words   |  5 PagesIn A Doll’s House, directed by Patrick Garland, the movie revolves around a loving housewife named Nora Helmer living in a high class society in Norway, under the roof of her husband, her three children, a nurse and the nanny that she grew up with and also takes care of Nora’s children. In the film adaptation, Garland shows a shift in gender roles in the nineteenth century that are embedded within the visual text for the audience to see. Garland is showing that in the late 19th century, women ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Nora Helmer s A Doll s House 841 Words   |  4 Page sBrennan1 John.Brennan Lisa Wall English Composition II 29 March 2015 Knowing about Nora Helmer From the beginning of A Doll’s House play, Nora Helmer appears to a obedient wife. She doesn t seem to mind when her husband, Torvald, calls her his little squirrel, his little lark, and a featherhead, (1.5-1.16).And more than that, she seems to enjoy and even play into it. She shows also a generous behavior, by giving a good tip to the porter and buying a lot of Christmas presents. TheRead MoreFeminist Analysis : A Doll s House1001 Words   |  5 Pagesearly 1960’s. For a while Western culture assumed that women were inferior creatures. With a widespread acknowledgment of the female being inferior, women began to accept their lesser status. Female critics â€Å"look at the depiction of women in male texts in an effort to reveal the misogyny (negative attitudes towards women) lurking there† (Dobie 106). This means critics look at mistreated women in texts. Such as blanks, unfinished sentences, and even silences. Henrick Ibsen’s, A Doll’s House, ca ptures

The Merging of Cultures During the New World Discovery Essay

The Merging of Cultures During the New World Discovery The voyages of the Iberians marked history. The discovery of the new world meant the unification of two old worlds. These old worlds had different beliefs, attitudes, language, and values. The culture of these two worlds would never be the same. The native peoples of America at the end of the fifteenth century ranged from the simplest hunting-fishing-gathering societies to highly developed civilizations with urban and peasant components. In spite of these notable differences, they were alike in that they had all developed from the level of pre-bow-arrow hunters without significant contact with other regions. There high civilizations were based on agricultural and trading†¦show more content†¦These people grew corn, yams, and other roots for food; they knew how to make cassava bread, to spin and weave cotton, and make pottery. Columbus wrote, They invite you to share anything that they posess, and show as much love as their hearts were in it. The impression to the European scholars was that the ignorance to money and iron, and their nudity was due to the fact that these people were holdovers from the golden age. The Indians were organized into class societies (with few possible exceptions among the more rudimentary societies) and the poor were ground under the heel of the rich. This system was sanctioned by the Indian laws and customs, and based on the inequalities of land ownership. The poor lived in miserable huts, did all the labor, and enjoyed none of the amenities of life, except indulgence in the forms of escape from misery and relief from oppression that characterized many other peoples in Europe and Asia. The peoples inhabiting America in 1492 were divided into many hundreds of language groups. The following main groups may be distinguished: 1.The Nahua-speaking peoples from Central Mexico to Nicaragua. 2.The Maya: Yucatan and Guatemala. 3.The Chibchas: Central America, western Columbia, and northwestern Ecuador. 4.The Quechuas: the Andean mountains from southern Ecuador to northern Chile. 5.The Aymaras: Highlands of Bolivia. 6.TheShow MoreRelatedThe Rise of Europe853 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rise of Europe Contemporary world power, and the shift from the East to the West during what historian’s term, Medieval/Renaissance Europe, shifted the roles of two vastly different empires – the Ming and Ottoman. Even though we barely even touched on the Ming Empire, I feel like the significance of it, is far too grand to leave out in describing the rise of Europe. Both empires had different types of leadership and core goals – military and social. 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Program Planning and Evaluation Paper - 815 Words

Program Planning and Evaluation Paper Nicole Debski HSM/270 PROGRAM PLANNING amp; GRANT PROPOSAL WRITNG IN HUM SERV (AXIA) Janice Gilstorff, MPA Faculty University of Phoenix 8/1/2010 Program Planning and Evaluation Paper The first questions ask how program planning and program evaluation describe how the two components relate. In my opinion they relate because once you have a plan in order you have to evaluate it to see if the plan is working. You also need to know what area need to be work on and what the cause of the problem and how to resolve them. The second question Identify specific examples of how program planning and evaluation interrelate in your chosen scenario in Appendix B. in my opinion program planning and†¦show more content†¦Issue that in my opinion would affect the evaluation of a domestic violence program would be lack of information on the victim and abuser. Another affect on evaluation would be is there a data base on domestic violence crime. Is the data assessable, is there a statistic rate what is the ratio of women, men, and children been victim of domestic violence. Other issue that could affect the planning of domestic violence is the long term affect of being a victim of domestic violence. According to (N.D), [The long term effects of domestic violence have not begun to be fully documented. Battered women suffer physical and mental problems as a result of domestic violence. Battering is the single major cause of injury to women, more significant that auto accidents, rapes, or muggings. In fact, t he emotional and psychological abuse inflicted by batterers may be more costly to treat in the short-run than physical injury. Many of the physical injuries sustained by women seem to cause medical difficulties as women grow older. Arthritis, hypertension and heart disease have been identified by battered women as directly caused or aggravated by domestic violence suffered early in their adult lives. Battered women lose their jobs because of absenteeism due to illness as a result of the violence. Absences occasioned by court appearances also jeopardize womens livelihood. Battered women may have to move many times to avoid violence. Moving is costly and can interfere with continuityShow MoreRelatedProgram Planning and Evaluation Paper840 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment: Program Planning and Evaluation Paper Janice Minnis HSM/270: Programming Planning and Grant Proposal Writing in Human Services August 21, 2011 Terri Galindo Axia College of University of Phoenix I have chosen to work with Program Scenario Three, PEACE Domestic Violence Agency. 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Authentication Is A Vital Aspect Of Modernâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Authentication Is A Vital Aspect Of Modern? Answer: Introducation Authentication is a vital aspect of the modern technological landscape as most of the digital platforms are facilitated by personalised accounts and portals. This outcome forces users to use multiple authentication systems that are supported by many passwords which make their management a difficult undertaking. As a solution, OneLogin offers a one stop shop for managing logins into applications (Apps) and online sites. Now, even before mentioning the attack at hand, as a cyber-security expert one can foresee the problems with this systems if compromised, as it gives intruders the access needed to compromise multiple user systems (OneLogin customer)(Coldewey, 2017). In all, the company suffered a breach in its security systems earlier in the year where customers data was exposed. Furthermore, the intruders proceeded to compromise the operational structure of the companys system which affected the ability to decrypt data. To understand, how the operation structure of the system was affected, one needs to understand the foundation of the service offered. OneLogin uses a cloud infrastructure to store and manage its customers vital information such as usernames and passwords. This infrastructure is necessary owing to the extent of the services offered as they span over 44 countries and have over 2000 companies. Therefore, the cloud solutions increase the availability and mobility of resources. However, to ferry the said resources over the internet they are encrypted to unreadable formats which when supplied to customers is decrypted revealing the access details. Therefore, when the decryption facility was affected, this functionality was compromised plus the data exposed(Fiveash, 2017). How and why the attacked occurred In its official statement, OneLogin failed to outline the nature of the attack, only assuring the customers that investigations to the problem would be conducted. However, the worrying outcome of the attack was the steps outlined by the company, as they tried to secure the accounts used by their customers. The steps included the generation of new API (Application Program Interface) keys and OAuth tokens (the general system for accessing the accounts). Moreover, the organization also requested the customers to create new security certificates and recycle all security features within the OneLogin accounts. Finally, the customers were then asked to update their access passwords(OneLogin). A quick glance at these security precautions outlines the how and maybe the why the attack happened. For one, the hosting system used by the company must have been completely compromised to gain primary access or admin credentials which necessitated a complete change in functionalities. How? An independent observer highlighted that the intruders accessed the companys system by gaining access to a number of AWS keys, the cloud infrastructure used by OneLogin. Amazon Web Service (AWS) is a cloud solution that is used by multiple companies across the globe to host their services, and OneLogin equivalently hosted its services across its multiple platforms. Now, having acquired the access passwords/keys, the intruder then used them to access the overall AWS APIs through a subsidiary hosting service offered by an intermediary organization within the United States. The criminal then further created several infrastructure instances within the AWS to perform a general reconnaissance. It is through this assessment that the intruder viewed and accessed the database tables holding the customers access data i.e. the username and passwords(OneLogin). Why? The intruders were only able to access the company AWS infrastructure using a set of legitimate keys used by the organization which means there was an initial breach that was used to acquire the companys access passwords. However, since the organization failed to disclose the methods used to access them, speculations were used to answer the questions. For one, cloud infrastructures and solutions are known to have many security procedures that regularly exposes them to misconfiguration instances. Therefore, OneLogin could have failed to implement certain security procedures to safeguard the root access to the AWS servers which ultimately gave the intruders primary access. The second option is that of negligence where the systems admins exposed the set of keys used to a third party member who subsequently used them to trigger the attack(Barrett, 2017). Possible solutions Single sign-on (SSO) organizations are generally discouraged as they are a single point of failure if compromised. In essence, these systems like any other cyber feature will have multiple vulnerabilities and unlike other systems will have multiple assets that heavily exposes the users. Therefore as an isolation tactic, they are never used as they grant intruders an all access point to any assets owned by a user. So, the first and most important solution to the problem at hand is to avoid the service in general, other than for supplementary features that have minimal confidential information(Kerbs, 2017). Nevertheless, when used, several solutions exist more so to the supporting organization i.e. OneLogin. The company should reassess their security policy as it gave access to a third party member. In the future, the AWS infrastructure should have multiple check points before being deployed online. These points or access procedures would verify the applications used before they are deployed. Furthermore, the same system would help account for access, a functionality that helped contain the problem in this instance. Therefore, the existing intrusion detection systems should continue to be used as it helped manage the situation and even avoided any financial damage. On behalf of the users, they should regularly update their access procedures as outlined by the host company. Furthermore, they should never store their passwords using the automatic features available in web browsers(10 basic cybersecurity measures: best prcatices to reduce exploitable weaknesses and attacks, 2017). May ransomware attack One of the most troubling and extensive attacks occurred earlier in the year where millions of cyber systems users were attacked by a vicious malware program known as WannaCry. As a malware program, WannaCry is the complete definition of a ransomware as it was able to penetrate many systems throughout different networks demanding ransoms in exchange for restoring services. Furthermore, the malware was a complete revolution of the existing programs that had been neutralised using several vulnerabilities that they held. In comparison, WannaCry was quick and invisible to security protocols which made it difficult to contain it, in fact, it was only detected after the damage was done(Greenberg, 2017). The root or problem WannaCry started its attacks in May, where it affected thousands of computers worldwide using the internet connection. According to Kerbs (2017), the attack was witnessed in over 100 countries after its access methods were unveiled in the United States. Now, the access method was done using a vulnerability in Windows computer system, an outcome that was instigated by a rogue hack group called Shadow Brokers that gained access to NSA hack tools. Therefore, using the hack tools the intruders infected multiple cyber systems in an attempt to gain some financial returns(Gibbs, 2017). Who was affected and how According to Greenberg (2017), the heaviest attack was witnessed across 150 countries where approximately 200,000 systems were compromised. These systems failed to work for hours and some of them lost their content permanently as they were reconfigured to stop the spread of the malware. Nevertheless, some countries were more affected as compared to others, the likes of United Kingdom (UK), Russia, Spain and China. In the UK for instance, the ransomware viciously infected the medical industry to an almost crippling effect as many systems were compromised. To the medical personnel, the attack halted their work as it demanded a ransom of $300. Similarly, the patients and other affiliated users of the NHS (National Health System, UK) had to live with extended delays as medical records went missing(Sherr, 2017). On the other hand, Russia had to deal with a worrying possibility of losing a grip on its public systems including the Health and Interior ministries. Furthermore, the countrys railway system was affected and so was the private sector after an extensive attack targeted the banking industry. The same outcome was also witnessed in Spain as the countrys telecommunication and electrical industry was affected by the attacks on Telefonica (Spains second largest telecommunication company) and Iberdrola (electrical company)(Hern Gibbs, 2017). The attack method and steps The National Security Agency (NSA) was the root of the problem as their access systems provided the foundation of the intrusion. This organization holds several hacking tools or techniques that they use as cyber-weapons, among these tools was the Windows vulnerability witnessed in this attack. In the attack, the EternalBlue vulnerability was used where it accessed Window messaging blocks, through the server messaging block protocol (SMB). In all the SMB protocol can serve as an all access item if compromised, an outcome that was verified by the WannaCry attack. As a protocol, SMB will enable machines connected in networks to access, read and write files which facilitate the different functionalities of computers. Moreover, the same protocol will enable the same machines to request services and even resources through the connected networks(News, 2017). Now, WannaCry banked on this vulnerability to attack machines as an access to one computer gave complete access to the connected networks, in fact, the attack process was aided by the same systems that facilitated the operations of the networks. Attack procedure: At the start, the intrusion first targeted unsecured networks as identified by unprotected access ports. Through these ports, the malwares starter (stager) was uploaded into a machine while being encrypted. In the next stage, the encrypted file was decrypted and the malware activated to perform its illicit operations. Furthermore, while conducting its activities, the malware also scanned for other unsecured ports where it sent the starter program to start the process all over again. Therefore, at the end of the attack, a complete and self-replicating program was used to infect thousands of machines without any form of human intervention(McGoogan, Titcomb, Krol, 2017). Solution A strong reminder of why machines and networks should have secured ports at all time with the unused ports being deactivated. In most cases, networks are infiltrated because of the negligence witnessed in setting them up. Therefore, even though the malware was stopped by its own vulnerabilities, its overwhelming success was propelled by networks problems because the users failed to implement the best security features. In some networks, the users had rogue access points through their mobile devices which facilitated the malwares success as these devices lacked the necessary security countermeasures(labs, 2016). However, while outlining the solutions that might have been used to avoid the attack, one cannot overlook the contribution of the vulnerability exploited by WannaCry (EternalBlue). Windows like any other modern organization prioritised on system deployment as compared to the security features, which was verified by them releasing an update patch. Furthermore, the users of the said systems should have had adequate security procedures to detect the faults in the messaging blocks before they were exploited. Therefore, these organization should restructure their security policies to have procedures that continuously evaluate their access protocols, the ultimate solution to the problem(labs, 2016). References 10 basic cybersecurity measures: best prcatices to reduce exploitable weaknesses and attacks. (2017). WaterISAC, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.mamsb.org.my/wp-content/uploads/10_Basic_Cybersecurity_MeasuresOct20162.pdf. Barrett, B. (2017). Security News This Week: OneLogin Had One Very Bad Breach. Wired, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.wired.com/2017/06/security-news-week-onelogin-one-bad-breach/. Coldewey, D. (2017). OneLogin admits recent breach is pretty dang serious. Tech crunch, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/01/onelogin-admits-recent-breach-is-pretty-dang-serious/. Fiveash, K. (2017). OneLogin suffers breachcustomer data said to be exposed, decrypted. Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/06/onelogin-data-breach-compromised-decrypted/. Gibbs, S. (2017). WannaCry: hackers withdraw 108,000 of bitcoin ransom. The guardian, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/03/wannacry-hackers-withdraw-108000-pounds-bitcoin-ransom. Greenberg, A. (2017). The WannaCry Ransomware Hackers Made Some Real Amateur Mistakes. Wired, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.wired.com/2017/05/wannacry-ransomware-hackers-made-real-amateur-mistakes/. Hern, A., Gibbs, S. (2017). What is WannaCry ransomware and why is it attacking global computers? . The guardian, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/12/nhs-ransomware-cyber-attack-what-is-wanacrypt0r-20. Kerbs. (2017). OneLogin: Breach Exposed Ability to Decrypt Data. Kerbs on security, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/06/onelogin-breach-exposed-ability-to-decrypt-data/. labs, F. s. (2016). Ransomware: How to predict, prevent, detect and respond. F secure, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/Ransomware_how_to_ppdr.pdf. McGoogan, C., Titcomb, J., Krol, C. (2017). What is WannaCry and how does ransomware work? The Telegraph, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/ransomware-does-work/. News, B. (2017). Massive ransomware infection hits computers in 99 countries. BBC News, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39901382. OneLogin. (n.d.). May 31, 2017 Security Incident (UPDATED June 8, 2017). Onelogin block, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.onelogin.com/blog/may-31-2017-security-incident. Sherr, I. (2017). WannaCry ransomware: Everything you need to know. Cnet, Retrieved 28 August, 2017, from: https://www.cnet.com/news/wannacry-wannacrypt-uiwix-ransomware-everything-you-need-to-know/.